标题: 腊肠犬 [打印本页] 作者: 葡萄酒杯 时间: 2006-11-11 17:00 标题: 腊肠犬 Dachshund Breed Standard Hound Group General Appearance Low to ground, long in body and short of leg with robust muscular development, the skin is elastic and pliable without excessive wrinkling. Appearing neither crippled, awkward, nor cramped in his capacity for movement, the Dachshund is well-balanced with bold and confident head carriage and intelligent, alert facial expression. His hunting spirit, good nose, loud tongue and distinctive build make him well-suited for below-ground work and for beating the bush. His keen nose gives him an advantage over most other breeds for trailing. Note: Inasmuch as the Dachshund is a hunting dog, scars from honorable wounds shall not be considered a fault. Size, Proportion, Substance Bred and shown in two sizes, standard and miniature, miniatures are not a separate classification but compete in a class division for \"11 pounds and under at 12 months of age and older.\" Weight of the standard size is usually between 16 and 32 pounds. Head Viewed from above or from the side, the head tapers uniformly to the tip of the nose. The eyes are of medium size, almond-shaped and dark-rimmed, with an energetic, pleasant expression; not piercing; very dark in color. The bridge bones over the eyes are strongly prominent. Wall eyes, except in the case of dappled dogs, are a serious fault. The ears are set near the top of the head, not too far forward, of moderate length, rounded, not narrow, pointed, or folded. Their carriage, when animated, is with the forward edge just touching the cheek so that the ears frame the face. The skull is slightly arched, neither too broad nor too narrow, and slopes gradually with little perceptible stop into the finely-formed, slightly arched muzzle. Black is the preferred color of the nose. Lips are tightly stretched, well covering the lower jaw. Nostrils well open. Jaws opening wide and hinged well back of the eyes, with strongly developed bones and teeth. Teeth--Powerful canine teeth; teeth fit closely together in a scissors bite. An even bite is a minor fault. Any other deviation is a serious fault. Neck Long, muscular, clean-cut, without dewlap, slightly arched in the nape, flowing gracefully into the shoulders. Trunk The trunk is long and fully muscled. When viewed in profile, the back lies in the straightest possible line between the withers and the short very slightly arched loin. A body that hangs loosely between the shoulders is a serious fault. Abdomen--Slightly drawn up. Forequarters For effective underground work, the front must be strong, deep, long and cleanly muscled. Forequarters in detail: Chest-- The breastbone is strongly prominent in front so that on either side a depression or dimple appears. When viewed from the front, the thorax appears oval and extends downward to the mid-point of the forearm. The enclosing structure of well-sprung ribs appears full and oval to allow, by its ample capacity, complete development of heart and lungs. The keel merges gradually into the line of the abdomen and extends well beyond the front legs. Viewed in profile, the lowest point of the breast line is covered by the front leg. Shoulder Blades--Long, broad, well-laid back and firmly placed upon the fully developed thorax, closely fitted at the withers, furnished with hard yet pliable muscles. Upper Arm--Ideally the same length as the shoulder blade and at right angles to the latter, strong of bone and hard of muscle, lying close to the ribs, with elbows close to the body, yet capable of free movement. Forearm--Short; supplied with hard yet pliable muscles on the front and outside, with tightly stretched tendons on the inside and at the back, slightly curved inwards. The joints between the forearms and the feet (wrists) are closer together than the shoulder joints, so that the front does not appear absolutely straight. Knuckling over is a disqualifying fault. Feet--Front paws are full, tight, compact, with well-arched toes and tough, thick pads. They may be equally inclined a trifle outward. There are five toes, four in use, close together with a pronounced arch and strong, short nails. Front dewclaws may be removed. Hindquarters Strong and cleanly muscled. The pelvis, the thigh, the second thigh, and the metatarsus are ideally the same length and form a series of right angles. From the rear, the thighs are strong and powerful. The legs turn neither in nor out. Metatarsus-- Short and strong, perpendicular to the second thigh bone. When viewed from behind, they are upright and parallel. Feet--Hind Paws--Smaller than the front paws with four compactly closed and arched toes with tough, thick pads. The entire foot points straight ahead and is balanced equally on the ball and not merely on the toes. Rear dewclaws should be removed. Croup--Long, rounded and full, sinking slightly toward the tail. Tail-- Set in continuation of the spine, extending without kinks, twists, or pronounced curvature, and not carried too gaily. Gait Fluid and smooth. Forelegs reach well forward, without much lift, in unison with the driving action of hind legs. The correct shoulder assembly and well-fitted elbows allow the long, free stride in front. Viewed from the front, the legs do not move in exact parallel planes, but incline slightly inward to compensate for shortness of leg and width of chest. Hind legs drive on a line with the forelegs, with hocks (metatarsus) turning neither in nor out. The propulsion of the hind leg depends on the dog\'s ability to carry the hind leg to complete extension. Viewed in profile, the forward reach of the hind leg equals the rear extension. The thrust of correct movement is seen when the rear pads are clearly exposed during rear extension. Feet must travel parallel to the line of motion with no tendency to swing out, cross over, or interfere with each other. Short, choppy movement, rolling or high-stepping gait, close or overly wide coming or going are incorrect. The Dachshund must have agility, freedom of movement, and endurance to do the work for which he was developed. Temperament The Dachshund is clever, lively and courageous to the point of rashness, persevering in above and below ground work, with all the senses well-developed. Any display of shyness is a serious fault. Special Characteristics of the Three Coat Varieties The Dachshund is bred with three varieties of coat: (1) Smooth; (2) Wirehaired; (3) Longhaired and is shown in two sizes, standard and miniature. All three varieties and both sizes must conform to the characteristics already specified. The following features are applicable for each variety: Smooth Dachshund Coat--Short, smooth and shining. Should be neither too long nor too thick. Ears not leathery. Tail--Gradually tapered to a point, well but not too richly haired. Long sleek bristles on the underside are considered a patch of strong-growing hair, not a fault. A brush tail is a fault, as is also a partly or wholly hairless tail. Color of Hair--Although base color is immaterial, certain patterns and basic colors predominate. One-colored Dachshunds include red (with or without a shading of interspersed dark hairs or sable) and cream. A small amount of white on the chest is acceptable, but not desirable. Nose and nails--black. Two-colored Dachshunds include black, chocolate, wild boar, gray (blue) and fawn (Isabella), each with tan markings over the eyes, on the sides of the jaw and underlip, on the inner edge of the ear, front, breast, inside and behind the front legs, on the paws and around the anus, and from there to about one-third to one-half of the length of the tail on the underside. Undue prominence or extreme lightness of tan markings is undesirable. A small amount of white on the chest is acceptable but not desirable. Nose and nails--in the case of black dogs, black; for chocolate and all other colors, dark brown, but self-colored is acceptable. Dappled Dachshunds--The \"single\" dapple pattern is expressed as lighter-colored areas contrasting with the darker base color, which may be any acceptable color. Neither the light nor the dark color should predominate. Nose and nails are the same as for one and two-colored Dachshunds. Partial or wholly blue (wall) eyes are as acceptable as dark eyes. A large area of white on the chest of a dapple is permissible. A \"double\" dapple is one in which varying amounts of white coloring occur over the body in addition to the dapple pattern. Nose and nails: as for one and two-color Dachshunds; partial or wholly self-colored is permissible. Brindle is a pattern (as opposed to a color) in which black or dark stripes occur over the entire body although in some specimens the pattern may be visible only in the tan points. Wirehaired Dachshund Coat-- With the exception of jaw, eyebrows, and ears, the whole body is covered with a uniform tight, short, thick, rough, hard, outer coat but with finer, somewhat softer, shorter hairs (undercoat) everywhere distributed between the coarser hairs. The absence of an undercoat is a fault. The distinctive facial furnishings include a beard and eyebrows. On the ears the hair is shorter than on the body, almost smooth. The general arrangement of the hair is such that the wirehaired Dachshund, when viewed from a distance, resembles the smooth. Any sort of soft hair in the outercoat, wherever found on the body, especially on the top of the head, is a fault. The same is true of long, curly, or wavy hair, or hair that sticks out irregularly in all directions. Tail-- Robust, thickly haired, gradually tapering to a point. A flag tail is a fault. Color of Hair--While the most common colors are wild boar, black and tan, and various shades of red, all colors are admissible. A small amount of white on the chest, although acceptable, is not desirable. Nose and nails--same as for the smooth variety. Longhaired Dachshund Coat--The sleek, glistening, often slightly wavy hair is longer under the neck and on the forechest, the underside of the body, the ears, and behind the legs. The coat gives the dog an elegant appearance. Short hair on the ear is not desirable. Too profuse a coat which masks type, equally long hair over the whole body, a curly coat, or a pronounced parting on the back are faults. Tail--Carried gracefully in prolongation of the spine; the hair attains its greatest length here and forms a veritable flag. Color of Hair--Same as for the smooth Dachshund. Nose and nails--same as for the smooth. The foregoing description is that of the ideal Dachshund. Any deviation from the above described dog must be penalized to the extent of the deviation keeping in mind the importance of the contribution of the various features toward the basic original purpose of the breed. Disqualification Knuckling over of front legs Approved April 7, 1992 Effective May 27, 1992
[简介] 身躯长，靠近地面，腿短，精力充沛且肌肉发达，皮肤有弹性而柔韧，没有皱纹。他的行动能力看起来既不显得瘸、笨拙，也不显得艰难。头部自信地昂起，非常和谐、清晰，而且面部表情聪明、警惕。在捕猎时，依靠他的鼻子、大嗓门、及与众不同的身体结构，使他适合在地下或灌木丛中工作。他敏锐的嗅觉使他能远远超越其他品种。注意：由于他是一种猎犬，疤痕是光荣的象征，不被作为缺陷。 [体型] 腊肠犬可以分为两种尺寸，标准型和迷你型。迷你型在繁殖和犬展中并不单独分类，但在比赛中，会将“11磅，12个月以下及大一些”的犬单独分类。标准型的体重大约在16~32磅。 [头部] 从上面或从侧面观察，头部都是呈锥形（向鼻尖方向逐渐变细）。眼睛中等大小，杏仁形，深色眼圈，表情令人愉快、舒适；眼神不尖利；颜色非常深。鼻梁骨（越过眼睛）非常有力而突出。除了斑点色的腊肠犬，眼睛出现色环属于非常严重的缺陷。耳朵位置非常接近头顶，不能过分靠前，中等长度，圆，不能太窄、太尖或折叠。耳朵挂着，当活动时，耳朵前侧边缘贴着面颊，成为脸部的一部分。脑袋略微圆拱，既不 太宽，也不太窄，逐渐倾斜，经过轻微，但可以察觉的止部，过渡到精致、略微圆拱的口吻。黑色是鼻镜的首选颜色。嘴唇紧密延伸，覆盖下颌。鼻孔张开。嘴能张的很大，下颌与头骨结合处位于眼睛下后方，骨骼与牙齿都很结实。牙齿：有力的犬齿，牙齿紧密，剪状咬和。钳状咬和属于小缺陷，其他咬和属于严重缺陷。 [颈部] 长，肌肉发达，整洁，无赘肉，颈背略微圆拱，流畅地融入肩部。 [躯干] 躯干长而肌肉充分发达。从轮廓上观察，背部（从马肩隆到短而略微圆拱的腰部之间）尽可能直。身躯松弛地挂在肩胛上属于严重缺陷。腹部：略微上提。 [前躯] 为了能有效的在地下工作，前躯必须结实、深、肌肉整洁。理想的前躯是：胸部.胸骨在前面非常强烈的突出，使两侧都显示出塌陷或凹陷。从前面观察，胸腔呈卵形，向下延伸到前臂中间。周围是支撑良好的肋骨，肋骨呈卵形且丰满，产生充足的空间，使心脏和肺部能充分发展。胸底线条逐渐融入腹部，且充分延伸，超过前肢。从轮廓上看，胸底最深处被前肢遮住。肩胛骨.长、宽、向后倾斜，稳固地安在丰满的胸腔之上，马肩隆非常靠近，肌肉坚硬而柔韧。上臂.理想的情况是长度与肩胛骨相同，与肩胛骨成直角，向后倾斜，且紧贴肋骨，肘部靠近身体，但能自由运动。前臂.短、前面和外侧的肌肉坚硬但柔韧，内侧和背面肌腱紧密延伸，略微向内弯曲。前臂与足爪之间的关节（手腕）之间的距离比肩关节之间的距离要近，所以前面看起来不非常直；关节超出属于失格。足爪.前脚掌丰满，紧密、紧凑、配合了适度圆拱的脚趾和非常坚硬、厚实的脚垫。足爪可能都略向外倾斜。有五个脚趾，四个脚趾有用，紧密结合在一起，圆拱而结实，趾甲短。前肢狼爪可以切除。 [后躯] 结实而肌肉清晰。骨盆、第一节大腿骨、第二节大腿骨、跖骨的理想结构是长度都一样，以多个连续的直角相互连接。从后面观察，大腿结实而有力。腿既不向内弯，也不向外翻。跖骨：短而结实，垂直于第二节大腿骨，从后面观察，他们垂直且相互平行。足爪（后脚掌）：比前足爪小，有四个紧密贴和，圆拱的脚趾，脚垫厚实。整个足爪笔直向前，足爪整体和谐，呈球状，而不只是脚趾。后狼爪可以切除。臀部：长、圆而丰满，略微没入明显的尾巴中。尾巴：位于脊椎的延长线上，不歪歪扭扭、扭曲、或明显弯曲、也不过于欢快地举起。 [步态] 流畅而平滑。前肢向前伸展良好，不能抬腿太高，与后躯的驱动动作相互配合。正确的肩部结构和合适的肘部允许步伐舒展，步幅很大。从正面观察，前肢并非在绝对平行的平面上运动，而是略向内，以抵消腿太短、及胸部宽度带来的影响。后肢驱动动作与前肢在同一直线上，飞节（跖骨）既不向内弯也不向外翻。后腿的推动力主要是依赖他能完全伸展他的后腿，从侧面观察，后腿向前伸展的程度与向后伸展的程度一致。后蹬的正确动作，是在整个向后伸展的过程中，后脚垫清晰可见。足爪应该与行进方向平行，既不摇摆、横行、也不相互干涉。步伐短、起伏的动作，摇摆、高抬腿的步态，过来或过去时，太近、太远都属于错误。腊肠犬必须具有活泼，舒展的动作，有耐力完成他的工作。 [气质] 腊肠犬是机灵、活泼、勇敢、有点轻率，在地面或地下工作时不屈不挠，所有的感官都非常发达。任何羞怯的表现都属于严重缺陷。 [三种不同的被毛特征] 腊肠犬有三种不同的被毛类型：（1）短毛型，（2）刚毛型，（3）长毛型，有两种规格：标准型和迷你型，这两种规格都有上面三种毛发类型。下面所描述的所有面貌都包括了两种不同的规格。 [短毛型] 被毛短、平顺、光滑。既不太长，也不能太薄。耳朵不能象皮革的样子。尾巴：向尾尖逐渐变细，但没有过多的毛发。下腹部的毛发长而圆滑，有部分块有粗壮的毛发不属于缺陷。刷子状的尾巴属于缺陷，整个无毛或部分无毛的尾巴也属于缺陷。毛发的颜色：基本颜色虽然不重要，确定的样式和基本色还是占优势。单一颜色，红色（带有或不带深色、浅褐色的阴影散布着）和奶油色。胸部有少量的白色是允许的，但不理想。鼻镜和趾甲为黑色。 双色，包括黑色、巧克力色、野猪色、灰色（兰色）、驼色（伊莎贝拉棕），各自带有褐色斑纹，在眼睛上方，颌部两侧，下唇，耳朵内边缘，前面，胸部、前腿内侧和后面，脚掌和肛门周围，并在尾巴下侧，向尾巴延伸1/3到1/2。不恰当的突出或太浅的褐色斑纹不理想。胸部有少量的白色是允许的，但不理想。鼻镜和趾甲，黑色的狗为黑色；巧克力色和其他颜色的狗是深褐色，但自身的颜色也可以接受。 斑纹色，“单一斑纹”的样式，明显的浅色斑纹范围，与非常深的底色交汇，可以是任何可能的颜色。既不能是浅的颜色也不能是深的颜色占主导地位。鼻镜和趾甲与单色腊肠或双色腊肠一样。部分或整个眼睛的颜色为兰色（眼睛内有色环），与深色眼睛一样可以接受。斑纹色腊肠在胸前有大面积的白色斑纹是允许的。 “双重斑纹”是在斑纹色腊肠身体上出现不同数量的白色斑纹，鼻镜和趾甲与单色腊肠或双色腊肠一样。局部或部分是自身的颜色也可以接受。 斑纹色的图案（对比色）是在全身有黑色或深色斑纹，虽然，有些斑纹色的腊肠犬只能看到褐色斑纹。 [刚毛型] 被毛：除了颌部、眉毛、耳朵外，身体上都覆盖着统一的紧密、短、厚重、粗糙、坚硬的外层披毛，有细腻、柔软、短的毛发（底毛）分布在粗糙的毛发中。缺乏底毛属于缺陷。有特色的面部毛发包括胡须、眉毛。耳朵的毛发比身体上毛发短，差不多是平滑的。刚毛腊肠犬毛发的一般排列，从远处观察，与短毛腊肠犬大体一样。如果有些柔软的毛发，不论在身体上，尤其在头顶，属于缺陷。正确的毛发长度、卷曲的毛发或波浪状的毛发是一样的。毛发呈不规则的条状，向不同方向。尾巴：健壮，有浓密的毛发，向尖端逐渐变细。平坦的尾巴属于缺陷。毛发颜色：大多的颜色是野猪色、黑色、褐色、带有不同深度的红色、所有的颜色都允许。胸前有少量白色虽然能接受，但不理想。鼻镜和趾甲：与短毛型相同。 [长毛型] 被毛：圆滑、光亮略呈波浪状的毛发，颈部以下、胸部、身体下方、耳朵和腿后面的毛发长。被毛给与他一种文雅的外貌。耳朵的毛发短不理想。毛发过与丰富，形成面具，整个身体的毛发长度一致，卷曲的被毛，或在背部有明显的区别都属于缺陷。尾巴：温和的举着，在脊椎的延长线上。毛发达到最佳长度，形成旗帜状。毛发的颜色：与短毛腊肠犬一样。鼻镜和趾甲：与短毛腊肠犬一样。 注意：前面描述的都是理想的腊肠犬，所有背离上面描述的地方都属于缺陷，并根据背离的地方是否重要，是否违背了培育这个品种不同类型的目的而扣分。 [失格] 关节超过前腿。 标准通过日期：1992年4月 7日 标准执行日期：1992年5月27日